Alberto Levy. Director de Consultoría en Desarrollo Competitivo & Alineamiento Estratégico. Deloitte Latin America Countries Organization

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La teoría de la mente

por Alberto Levy | 21 de Julio de 2008 | Cognición

La clausura operativa de los sistemas cognitivos puede observarse en un nivel macro (la del SSTC, es decir, Sistema Sociotécnico Complejo, considerado en su conjunto respecto del entorno) y en el nivel micro (el de la cognición de cada uno de los integrantes respecto del sistema y, por extensión, del entorno). La posibilidad de alineación depende del establecimiento de un lenguaje coordinador que, a modo de interfaz, permita la construcción de representaciones compartidas por medio de coordinaciones conductuales consensuales recurrentes. Debe construirse un dominio consensual.

En el mejor de los casos, la coincidencia entre los modelos mentales del emisor y del receptor del mensaje es sólo parecida, pero puede incrementarse en función de múltiples variables. En primer lugar, la competencia comunicativa del emisor para generar mensajes no ambiguos para el oyente, lo que exige realizar un cálculo del conocimiento del otro y de sus capacidades inferenciales. En segundo lugar, depende de la competencia comunicativa del receptor para llevar a cabo las inferencias que la comprensión de todo discurso comporta según un cálculo de las intenciones comunicativas del emisor. A estas variables se suman también el grado de abstracción, conocimiento mutuo y significatividad que el tópico del mensaje tenga para los sujetos involucrados en el proceso.

La comunidad del código en que se vuelcan las representaciones que se desean comunicar debe suponerse sólo aproximada, ya que el significado que cada hablante atribuye a las palabras no es interpretable de manera unívoca. La intención comunicativa nunca es transparente ni precisa para el destinatario, cualesquiera sean la atención que dispense, los conocimientos previos que posea y el esfuerzo interpretativo que realice. En rigor, las señales que éste puede captar no son necesariamente todas las que el emisor se ha propuesto transmitir. Incluso, ni siquiera reflejan en una correspondencia uno a uno todas las proposiciones que se intentan comunicar. De hecho, tanto el emisor como el receptor llevan a cabo un gran número de inferencias que buscan complementar los “vacíos de significado” que dejan para uno y otro los enunciados comunicados y el feedback.

“¿Qué representaciones mentales debe tener un organismo que no sólo ‘tiene representaciones’ sino que ‘sabe que las tiene’ y es capaz de atribuirlas a otros? En las explicaciones que los hombres dan de la propia conducta humana, las representaciones son ubicuas. Forman parte del entramado de conceptos que sirven para interpretar y predecir las acciones propias y ajenas, para comprender el comportamiento, para explicarlo o juzgarlo moralmente” (Rivière, 2000, p. 271) (Rivière, A. (2000). “Teoría de la mente y metarrepresentación”. En Chacón, P.; Rodríguez, M. (comps.). Pensando la mente. Perspectivas en filosofía y psicología. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva). La teoría de la mente es un constructo teórico que señala el fenómeno por el cual un sujeto se explica, predice e interpreta su conducta y la de otros en función de estados mentales, es decir, se adjudica a sí y a sus semejantes la capacidad de determinar su comportamiento. Tanto el actuar cooperativamente como el competir con otros individuos o sistemas exige poder anticipar, hipotizar y manipular las representaciones ajenas de acuerdo con un propósito propio (Frye, D.; Moore, C. (1991). “The acquisition and utility of theories of mind”. En Frye, D.; Moore, D. (eds.). Children’s theories of mind. Hillsdale: Erlbaum). La teoría de la mente implica construir un modelo mental del otro por analogía con las propias capacidades y estructuras cognitivas. “Entender” a los demás no significa, entonces, haber captado sus pensamientos, intenciones o significados construidos sino contar con un modelo viable para la interpretación de sus mensajes y acciones. Luego, el alineamiento cognitivo intrasistema exige relevar no sólo las representaciones de los integrantes sino también las teorías de la mente con que operan.



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