Alberto Levy. Director de Consultoría, Innovation & Growth. Deloitte Latin America Countries Organization

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Desde la chispa, para siempre

por Alberto Levy | 10 de Julio de 2008 | Estrategia

Entendemos por cluster a las unidades económicas,  desde las que se dedican a las materias primas esenciales hasta los distribuidores de productos finales y todos los intermediarios que agreguen valor. Un cluster está constituido por la línea de proveedores sucesivos y de clientes hasta llegar verticalmente al consumidor o usuario final y comprende también las alianzas estratégicas que se establecen, horizontalmente, entre enpresas que compiten, por ejemplo, en el mercado interno, pero que se alían para conquistar los mercados internacionales. Un buen ejemplo es el de las empresas vitivinícolas chilenas, las del acero o la cerámica ecuatorianos o las italianas del calzado y del diseño.

La clave de nuestro modelo es que no es posible determinar la competitividad de una empresa sin comprender la competitividad del cluster en el que participa. Y que la competitividad de un cluster es un emergente de la competitividad de las empresas que lo componen. Lo mismo sucede con las ciudades, las regiones o los países.
En este trabajo, consideraremos a una ciudad o a una región geográfica como un gran cluster o conjunto/sistema de clusters. Todo lo que digamos acerca de un cluster es aplicable a una ciudad o una región.

  • Todo emprendimiento humano es una empresa
  • Una empresa es una empresa
  • Una ONG es una empresa
  • Un cluster es una empresa (más compleja, pero es un “emprendimiento”, o sea, una empresa)
  • Una ciudad es una empresa (MUCHO más compleja)
  • Una región es una empresa (MUCHÍSIMO  más compleja)
  • Una institución del Estado –como el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores- es una empresa

Por lo tanto, entenderemos como “empresa” todo emprendimiento humano organizado para el logro de objetivos. Éstos pueden ser crear valor económico, lograr la radicación de inversiones y aumentar el turismo, proteger la ecología o eliminar el sida.

Pero todo emprendimiento es producto de una chispa de innovación inicial que sólo es sostenible mediante una cadena de innovaciones sucesivas. A veces sólo incrementales o de mantenimiento. A veces disruptivas. Estas son las que cambian las reglas de juego.



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    Resulta muy interesante pensar en la competitividad en términos de cluster más que en función de una empresa en particular. Es un concepto que puede revolucionar la forma de entender la economía.
    Cuando se habla de cadena de valor, al igual que una cadena, su fortaleza dependerá de las características de sus eslabones y de la manera en que estos se vinculan. Un eslabón en si mismo no dice nada; no tiene función. Solo cuando se vincula con otros eslabones cumple un rol. En este contexto de vinculación, si existe solo un eslabón débil, la cadena también lo será. Por lo tanto, para analizar la competitividad de una empresa debería observarse la competitividad de todo el cluster, comprendiendo las interrelaciones entre las empresas participantes y las características de cada una en particular. Es, seguramente, una tarea difícil, que requiere mente amplia y algo de creatividad; pero seguramente produce resultados esclarecedores.

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