Alberto Levy. Director de Consultoría, Innovation & Growth. Deloitte Latin America Countries Organization

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Evolución de los sectores industriales

por Alberto Levy | 06 de Mayo de 2010 | General

 

Los modelos tradicionales de Análisis Económico, basados en la herencia intelectual del EQUILIBRIO, por lo tanto, de pensamiento inherentemente estático, han sido desafiados en los últimos treinta años por los acontecimientos económicos espectaculares tales como los vaivenes de altos picos y profundos valles en Japón o en Alemania, lo que presenciamos en Asia, pero, el ejemplo que resulta más ilustrativo es el de Estados Unidos. En todos estos casos, el pensamiento inherente, el sustento intelectual y metodológico no es el equilibrio. Es el CAMBIO, es la innovación, es la transformación de las industrias en las cinco dimensiones clave: los Mercados, los Recursos, la Estrategia, la Cultura y la Gestión.

¿Cómo explican los modelos de análisis económico tradicionales la caída de la industria automotriz, de la industria del acero, de la industria de los productos electrónicos de consumo durable y el surgimiento impresionante de las industrias del software y de la tecnología?  ¿Qué hizo que decenas de miles de gerentes profesionales, entrenados profundamente en las mismas universidades y aprendiendo lo que llamamos “las mejores prácticas” de gestión, hayan estado alineados en las filas de los ganadores y en las de los perdedores?

¿Cómo explican, en el mismo sector económico, los problemas de la gigante invencible IBM, sus temblores, el nacimiento de estrellas como Intel y Microsoft y la recuperación de IBM? ¿Y el éxito de cientos de “punto.com” y la desaparición de miles de “punto.com”? Y ni hablar de Google y de Facebook y de Dell y de HP. ¿Y la regeneración de Apple? ¿Y Texas Instruments? ¿Y SAP?

¿Qué ha sucedido que temas como los que venimos desarrollando durante estos mismos treinta años, por todos considerados como “el lado soft subjetivo de la demanda”, alejado de las “mediciones objetivas” de la “Productividad concreta, tangible, pura y dura”, de repente se escuchan de las bocas y se leen en los papers de los mismos economistas que antes las despreciaban?

Es alarmante la brecha de los modelos tradicionales entre lo que dicen los modelos de los libros y lo que pasa en las calles de todo el mundo.

Entonces los economistas han comenzado a descubrir esquemas y métodos alternativos para analizar los fenómenos económicos que impliquen CAMBIO. Y uno de los primeros que hace pocos años descubrieron es el antiguo concepto de “Ciclo de Vida del Producto” que yo aprendí cuando estudiaba en Estados Unidos hace cuarenta años, pero no en los Departamentos de Economía, sino en los de Dirección de Negocios. La buena noticia es que ahora, este tembladeral ha servido para que se sinergicen ambas corrientes en lo que hoy llamamos Dinámica y Desarrollo Competitivo de los Sectores Industriales, o, abreviadamente, Desarrollo Competitivo.

Repasemos el antiguo concepto de “Ciclo de Vida del Producto” y después tratemos de mostrar una versión más moderna y más profunda.

La versión inicial ya consideraba al cambio como su fenómeno básico, siendo las actividades de innovación la manifestación de ese cambio. El ingreso, el crecimiento y la capacidad de sobrevivir están íntimamente ligadas a la innovación de cada empresa en particular  y de la industria (y hasta las regiones) en general.

La evolución del modelo tradicional encadenaba las etapas, consideradas como comunes en todas las industrias, de Lanzamiento, Crecimiento, “Shake-out”, Madurez, Saturación, Declinación y Petrificación. En el tiempo, se iba sucediendo

1.      Una alta tasa inicial de competidores ingresantes, (desde el lado de la oferta) acompañada por una afluencia inicial de primeros demandantes (desde el lado de la demanda). Las inversiones en Investigación y Desarrollo son muy inciertas. Algunas empresas comprenden que no pueden divorciar la inversión en Investigación y Desarrollo de la inversión en Investigación de Mercado y en Inteligencia Competitiva.

 

 

2.      Una alta tasa de innovación de esos primeros competidores (oferta) que atrae a cantidades ya importantes de clientes o consumidores o usuarios (demanda). Algunos explican lo que está pasando desde el lado de la oferta y otros desde el lado de la demanda (y ninguno tiene razón).

 

3.      Nuevos competidores ingresan al ver que pueden aplicar habilidades que ya disponen en otros sectores para competir en este (Cross Innovation Skills). Más demandantes generan un fuerte crecimiento. La inversión en Investigación y Desarrollo se hace menos incierta. La inversión en Investigación de Mercado y en Inteligencia Competitiva se transforma en la forma de vivir de algunas de las empresas.

 

4.      Las vías de innovación comienzan a converger y los productos a parecerse cada vez más, a gemelizarse. Comienza la “commoditización” que va a arrastrar a una inevitable guerra de precios. Los atributos que fueron diferenciadores para algunas de las empresas, al ya tenerlos todas, se transforman en nada más que “un costo necesario” para seguir compitiendo. Crece la “Escala de Producción Eficiente Mínima” (EPEM) (MESP – Minimum Efficient Scale of Production).

 

5.      Shake-out. Varias abandonan “antes de que sea tarde”, desinvirtiendo en ese producto o hasta vendiendo empresas completas a otros que creen que pueden. Varios desaparecen y hasta dejan de ser recordados como “Missing in Action”.

 

6.      Algunas empresas siguen haciendo innovaciones solamente incrementales (nada de radicales o disruptivas, que son las que cambian las reglas del juego) en una etapa de maduréz que se estanca en otra de saturación, cuando la industria crece exclusivamente con la tasa de crecimiento vegetativo del mercado.

 

7.      Comienza la etapa de declinación, cuando OTRA INDUSTRIA comienza a atraer demanda que se satisfacía con productos, servicios o tecnologías de esta industria. OTRA INDUSTRIA COMPITE CONTRA ESTA INDUSTRIA. El ejemplo elemental es el de cualquier producto sustitutivo como el vino y la cerveza. Ni hablar en los casos de alta tecnología!

 

8.      Petrificación. Algunos segmentos o sectores de demanda siguen demandando los productos tradicionales de esta industria por tiempo indeterminado. Un ejemplo interesante es el de la transmisión de música profesional de altísima fidelidad, por ejemplo en los grandes festivales, conciertos o clubs, que todavía sigue empleando válvulas en lugar de transitores o chips. Pero cuidado, se trata de  LAS MISMAS válvulas?

 

Pero el enfoque más moderno considera que, subyacente a este proceso, hay una capa profunda más de base que explica mejor lo que está pasando desde el lado de la demanda. Esta tiene que ver con los procesos de SEGMENTACIÓN y de DIFERENCIACIÓN.

Partamos de la base conceptual de considerar a un “segmento”  de la demanda a un conjunto de demandantes cuya demanda es significativamente similar entre los miembros de este conjunto y significativamente diferente de otro conjunto de demandantes. Cada conjunto “demanda” atributos en función de los que considera su “producto o servicio satisfactor ideal”. Un “sector” de la demanda, en cambio, es un nivel de edad, o el género, el nivel socioeconómico, la actitud psicosocial o una localización geográfica. Ninguna de estas particiones aseguran que la demanda va a ser significativamente similar. Si fuera significativamente similar, el sector sería un segmento.

La clave entonces, al estudiar la demanda de un sector industrial, es DESCUBRIR cómo está segmentado. Las empresas no segmentan al mercado. Los demandantes se segmentan espontáneamente entre sí, de acuerdo a la semejanza de sus concepciones de “valor esperado”, que se reflejan en atributos demandados. Estos no son estáticos, sino que cambian cada vez más rápido y cada vez más fácil, en función del conocimiento cada vez mayor y más sofisticado de los demandantes.

Por otra parte, las empresas tratan de diferenciar sus ofertas incorporando constantemente innovaciones basadas en sus habilidades distintivas (Gestión del Conocimiento), que puedan ser interpretadas por la demanda como ventajas competitivas ofrecidas versus las ofertas de las demás empresas. Aquellas ventajas competitivas que sean consideradas por la demanda como “incrementos de valor”, darán como resultado un determinado posicionamiento de la empresa en la arquitectura mental del demandante. Este posicionamiento, si bien “suena” a estático, estará en constante transformación, al ser imitadas las innovaciones en las que se basa por las demás empresas, por lo cual el requerimiento de más innovación para lograr una nueva diferenciación no para jamás.

Entonces no se trata sólo de PRODUCTIVIDAD (Hard, Objetiva, Concreta, Tangible) sino también de POSICIONAMIENTO (Soft!, Subjetivo!, Simbólico!, Intangible!). Ningún lado se entiende sin el otro. La evolución creando valor económico es dinámicamente sostenible por el complemento constante de los dos.

En definitiva, dada la segmentación de un mercado en un momento “1”, las marcas de las diferentes empresas se han diferenciado entre sí y han sido aceptadas más que las demás marcas por los diferentes segmentos. En un momento “2”, alguna de las empresas introduce una innovación “a” que es aceptada por varios de los segmentos del momento “1”. El mercado se “resegmenta” en torno a esa innovación “a” al ser aceptada por varios de los segmentos iniciales, constituyéndose la demanda en otro paisaje de segmentos. Algunos demandando “a” y otros no.

Al comprender las empresas competidoras que el atributo “a” de la empresa innovadora funciona, todas incorporan el “a”, pero no sólo como “a” sino quizás en varias versiones de “a”. Entonces la demanda se vuelve a segmentar. Y las empresas innovan y la oferta se vuelve a diferenciar con el atributo “b”. Y algunos segmentos lo aceptan y otros no. Y “c”, y “d” y esto no para más, hasta que otras empresas de otros sectores industriales cambian las reglas de juego y ahora ofrecen el atributo “alfa”, y el “beta” y esto no para más. Arriba o afuera.

Este es el complemento desde el lado de la demanda que he venido proponiendo en mis libros, artículos y conferencias desde 1973 y que ahora comienza a formar parte de los modelos económicos basados en el cambio en lugar de en el equilibrio.

La semana pasada he estado reunido varias veces con el profesor Ari Ginsberg, especialista en Dinámica Industrial del Stern School of Business de New York University, que trabaja en estrecho intercambio con el Departamento de Economía de NYU y hemos coincidido en todo lo que hemos conversado en su despacho y en nuestras caminatas por Greenwich Village, tomando cafés y comprando libros.

No me queda nada más que estar orgulloso de la formación que hemos recibido y que estamos brindando en nuestras universidades latinoamericanas.

En mi caso particular, en mi querida Universidad de Buenos Aires.

 

 



113 comentarios para “Evolución de los sectores industriales”

  1. Hola Alberto,
    Como siempre gracias por ayudarme a reflexionar.
    Claro y profundo. Muy aleccionador.
    Me quedé dudando en: “las empresas no segmentan el mercado …”; me vino a la mente tu cita de von Foerster “ afuera no hay luz ni color …”, en Estrategia, Cognición y Poder. Por lo tanto otra mirada posible sería que los segmentos de mercado, no son ya el modo de ser de la realidad, sino el modo de conocimiento del management.
    Felicitaciones por tu orgullo.
    Eduardo.

  2. Gracias Eduardo. Te propongo que sigas leyendo el siguiente sobre “Nacimiento de los Sectores Industriales”
    Espero tus comentarios

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