Alberto Levy. Director de Consultoría, Innovation & Growth. Deloitte Latin America Countries Organization

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Liderando en el Infierno

por Alberto Levy | 13 de Julio de 2009 | General

(Esta nota ha sido extraída de mi libro ” Liderando en el Infierno” de Editorial Paidós).

Turbulencia económica, tecnológica, demográfica, política, legal, social, cultural, ecológica y comunicacional sacudiendo la competitividad global.

Saltos bruscos. Discontinuidades y sorpresas. Verdaderas avalanchas de relámpagos de fuego que no paran de crecer y de golpear. De esfumarse y recrear. De inundarnos de vulnerabilidad, de complejidad, de riesgo, de ambigüedad y de peligro.

En este estado cada vez más alejado del equilibrio, DIRIGIR hoy es cabalgar el pánico para competir en el infierno.

La metodología de “Empuje Estratégico y Dinámica Organizacional” no es la de ninguna empresa, cluster o ciudad interesante en especial. Es una especie de común denominador que está —varias veces implícito, sin especificar— en todas ellas, más una serie de ideas y experiencias mías y de mi equipo con empresas, clusters y ciudades importantes.

ATENCIÓN: Vamos a entender a un “cluster” como todas las unidades económicas –desde las que se dedican a las materias primas escenciales, hasta los distribuidores de productos finales y todos los intermediarios que agreguen valor. Un cluster está constituido por la línea de proveedores sucesivos y clientes hasta llegar verticalmente al consumidor o usuario final y las alianzas estratégicas que se den, horizontalmente, entre empresas que compitan –por ejemplo, en el mercado interno, pero que se alían para conquistar los mercados internacionales- Un buen ejemplo es el de las empresas vitivinícolas chilenas, las del acero o la cerámica ecuatoriana o las italianas del calzado y del diseño.

La clave es que no es posible determinar la competitividad de una empresa sin comprender la competitividad del cluster o los clusters en los que participa. Y que la competitividad de un cluster es un emergente de la competitividad de las instituciones que lo componen. Lo mismo sucede con las ciudades o las regiones o países.

Hemos de considerar a una Ciudad o a una Región Geográfica como un gran cluster o conjunto/sistema de clusters. Cada vez que digamos “cluster”, lo que digamos, es aplicable a una Ciudad o una Región.

Para evitar repetir siempre “empresas, cluster y/o ciudades”, vamos a referirnos a “empresas”, a no ser que sea preferible la redundancia.

RECUERDE:

1- Una empresa es una empresa.
2- Una ONG es una empresa.
3- Un cluster es una empresa (Más compleja pero es un “emprendimiento”, o sea, una empresa).
4- Una ciudad es una empresa (MUCHO más compleja).
5- Una región es una empresa (MUCHÍSIMO más compleja).
6- Un sector del Gobierno –como el Ministerio de Agricultura- también es una empresa!

POR LO TANTO: Entenderemos como “EMPRESA” a todo emprendimiento humano organizado para el logro de objetivos. Estos pueden ser el de Crear Valor Económico, lograr la radicación de inversiones y aumentar el turismo, proteger la ecología o eliminar el sida.

La propuesta fundamental de este artículo es la de brindar al lector un proceso absolutamente práctico que le sea de utilidad ante el tremendo desafío de mejorar su competitividad.

El método presentado debe servir para competir mejor, con todas las implicancias que esto lleva asociado.

Pero pocas empresas están haciendo cosas al respecto.

Muchos ni siquiera saben qué queremos decir con la denominación “Competitividad”, ni de quién depende, ni quién tiene que conducir el proceso para lograrla o cuáles son los pasos que hay que dar mañana por la mañana.

Este artículo tiene que servir para los que están trabajando en el tema, para corroborar o para mejorar sus puntos de vista.

Pero también para los que se den cuenta que ante la posibilidad de mejorar la competitividad, es inadmisible que alguien responda:

• “A mí no me sirve”.
• “Yo no tengo nada que ver con el problema de mejorar la competitividad de mi Organización”.
• “Es una moda más”.
• “Mi empresa es muy particular”.
• “Si trabajo como cluster van a enterarse de cosas secretas de mi empresa”.
• “Ya lo probamos pero no funcionó”.
• “Somos demasiado chicos para eso”.
• “Somos demasiado grandes”.
• “Nuestros competidores no lo hacen”.
• “Otras ciudades no lo hacen”.
• “¿No tendríamos que pensarlo un poco más?”
• “Lo que tenemos funciona bien”.
• “Nunca lo hicimos antes”.
• “Dentro de seis meses volvemos a hablar”.
• “¿Qué van a pensar nuestros clientes?”
• “No va a funcionar”.
• “Siempre lo hicimos así”.
• “Esa no es la manera como trabajamos aquí”.
• “Esa no es una responsabilidad que me corresponda a mi”.
• “No es un enfoque práctico”.
• “Esto no es Estados Unidos”.
• “Ya lo tenemos instalado muy parecido”.

La innovación continua es la sangre de la competitividad. Para una empresa, la competitividad es la plataforma de la Creación de Valor Económico, es decir, la manera para lograr que la empresa valga más, o sea, el instrumento para incrementar constantemente sus recursos tangibles e intangibles. Muy pronto, haremos un sumario sobre qué creemos que es la Competitividad. Luego lo explicaremos en todo el artículo. Para una ONG, la competitividad es la plataforma del logro de su misión.

El proceso debe servir como un catalizador de la calidad, la innovación y la productividad. El objetivo es enfocar las necesidades de los clientes actuales y potenciales -intermedios y finales- y articular los mejores medios para servirlas. Hacer las cosas correctas y, además, hacerlas bien con la mayor eficiencia y productividad. Pero esto requiere dos habilidades fundamentales: la habilidad de trabajar en equipo y la habilidad de cambiar.

El esfuerzo de buscar la información, analizarla y controlarla, sumada a la creatividad, la interacción, la motivación, la innovación, la capacidad y la experiencia de la gente, es la mejor manera de asegurar la comprensión imaginativa de las necesidades del cliente antes y mejor que los competidores y la posibilidad de enfocar los recursos en la productividad, la accesibilidad de los recursos (value chain management), la eficiencia y la optimización de los costos. Esto es lo que produce y mantiene las ventajas de competitividad.

Para la empresa, mejora de la Competitividad implica el incremento de su capacidad de Crear Valor Económico Sostenible.

Para el cluster, mejora de la Competitividad implica el incremento de la capacidad conjunta de las empresas que lo componen de Crear Valor Económico Sostenible.

Para la ciudad (o región), mejora de la Competitividad implica el incremento de su capacidad de atraer inversiones, industrias y turismo para que las empresas involucradas puedan Crear Valor Económico Sostenible y la ciudad (o región) Crear Valor Social Sostenible para maximizar la prosperidad de su población.

Para las empresas, la competitividad es el instrumento que sirve para lograr sus objetivos económicos y mantener esos logros en el tiempo. La creación de Valor Económico sostenible depende de la capacidad de aumentar el valor en el tiempo.

Para las organizaciones sin objetivos económicos, como una ONG (Organizaciones No Gubernamentales), competitividad significa “lograr efectivamente su misión”. Esta es la razón por las que fueron creadas. Por ejemplo, que la gente se cure si está enferma. Es la Creación de Valor Social.

Hay un tercer tipo de organizaciones. Son las que tienen “dilema de objetivos”. La mayoría de las empresas del Estado tienen que conducirse hacia un objetivo no económico. Por ejemplo la sustitución de importaciones, el desarrollo de una región del país o la disponibilidad nacional de una tecnología. Pero no pueden vivir si -simultánea y ambiguamente- no alcanzan también un objetivo económico. En este caso, la competitividad significa equilibrar estos objetivos y escapar de la ambigüedad.

Creo que tanto las empresas como las ONGs (Organizaciones No Gubernamentales) deben tender a lograr –ambas- Creación de Valor Económico y Creación de Valor Social. Estas son las que logran Creación de Valor Sustentable.

Este es un artículo sobre el manejo del cambio hacia la competitividad, el proceso de diagnosticar el funcionamiento organizacional, el planeamiento de las acciones específicas de cambio, la implementación de las transformaciones necesarias en el carácter y en el funcionamiento de la organización, y la monitorización de los resultados de las intervenciones realizadas.

Los preceptos en los que se basa este proceso son:

1. La rigurosidad de buscar información sobre hechos concretos. Como necesariamente todas las opiniones de los miembros de una organización (empresa, cluster o ciudad) sólo pueden ser subjetivas, estas opiniones son consideradas hipótesis que continuamente hay que supervisar.

2. La concepción sistemática. Para poder pensar y repensar esas opiniones, resulta imprescindible que éste sea un ejercicio que no termine jamás. Que se repita para siempre.

3. La concepción sistémica. Lo que buscamos es el bien de la empresa como sistema total y no el beneficio de ninguna de sus partes aisladas. Es por ello que se requiere la participación de todas las áreas y sectores.

4. La segmentación de los mercados. Detectar y comprender imaginativamente las necesidades de los clientes implica desagregar a los mercados en los segmentos que los constituyen. No todos los segmentos tienen iguales necesidades.

5. La diferenciación de los productos. La ventaja competitiva se basa en hacer lo mejor, todavía mejor. Los productos son concebidos para ganar la lealtad de los clientes.

6. La especialización productiva. Esto es el aprovechamiento del efecto escala, del efecto experiencia y de la accesibilidad de lo recursos para hacer máxima la productividad de cada empresa y del racimo de empresas que constituyan el cluster o el sector o la ciudad.

7. Las alianzas estratégicas. Esto es el acople vertical proveedores-clientes y el acople horizontal entre competidores directos y de soluciones sustitutivas (indirectos, los que satisfacen las mismas necesidades a través de tecnologías sustitutivas)

8. El liderazgo. Las principales características que definen a un líder eficaz son las de establecer una visión compartida por su equipo, crear el cambio y desatar el talento.

9. El trabajo en equipo. Los gerentes deben ser capaces de ver el esfuerzo de sus equipos desde una perspectiva entrenada, detectar qué obstrucciones pueden estar interfiriendo con el máximo desempeño grupal y diseñar con ese grupo los programas de acción para lograr mejor sus objetivos comunes.

10. El equilibrio gubernamental. Que significa el soporte para la competitividad del sector que provea el marco como para que sea competitivo en el mercado interno y externo.

Cuando digo “trabajo en equipo” me parece que en castellano suena como trivial. No quiero dejar de enfatizar lo que el esfuerzo de trabajar AL equipo, CUALQUIER equipo, para poder trabajar EN equipo, significa para TODA organización.

Habiendo interactuado profesionalmente con muchísimos grupos de trabajo, realmente tengo una concepción muy clara de qué es lo que llamo “equipo”. Es imposible pensar en la mejora de la competitividad (y en muchas otras cosas) sin un proceso muy serio de desarrollo del trabajo en equipo.

Y esto NO SE IMPROVISA.

Lo malo es que es muy difícil explicar lo que significa trabajar en equipo. Sólo quien vivió en alguna oportunidad esa sensación puede entender a qué me estoy refiriendo. Ya sea en un equipo profesional, en un equipo deportivo, en un equipo de acción comunitaria, en una unidad de tareas especiales de una fuerza armada o en una unidad operativa de una empresa.

Pero este es un tema clave.

Pocas veces vi una empresa ocupándose sistemáticamente del desarrollo del trabajo en equipo de sus grupos y entre sus grupos.

Pocas veces vi un cluster entrenando a sus miembros individualmente para trabajar en equipo.

Pocas veces vi una ciudad dándole valor al trabajo en equipo, haciendo de esto una característica distintiva de su cultura.

Pero varias veces vi equipos en serio y comprobé la diferencia.

Comprobé que todos los equipos necesitan buen entrenamiento y liderazgo.

Que se necesita la constante revisión de los esfuerzos pasados, la identificación crítica de los éxitos y de los fracasos anteriores, y también el ensayo, el re-ensayo, el planeamiento y el re-planeamiento de las acciones futuras.

Que los problemas entre sus miembros deben ser resueltos y que las cosas que no son claras deben ser entendidas. Que lo único que no se perdona es la falta de lealtad. Que un buen equipo analiza constantemente su desempeño, diagnostica áreas de mejora y actúa rápidamente para resolverlas.

Que se preocupa por entender los procesos de interacción entre sus miembros, cómo se fijan objetivos y prioridades, cómo se resuelven problemas, cómo se toman decisiones, cómo se comparte abiertamente la información, cómo se establece un clima de alta cohesión, cómo se establecen normas de acción compartida y colaborativa.

Que lo importante es cómo se organiza para que el trabajo que tiene que ser hecho, sea hecho.

Comprobé que cuando diferentes unidades de una misma organización tienen tareas, objetivos, restricciones de tiempo, personal y estructuras diferentes, el funcionamiento de esas unidades es seguramente diferente. Entonces de lo que se trata no es hacer que las unidades sean iguales, sino de desarrollar e integrar procesos para que estas unidades puedan trabajar juntas.

Comprobé que tenemos que aprender a dejar de lado muchas “pasiones” personales para lograr una comprensión grupal de los problemas.

Que tenemos que entender cómo esa comprensión grupal se traduce en objetivos concretos de desempeño.

Que no se debe subestimar la importancia del pensamiento y la creatividad individual, sino que los problemas que enfrentamos son tan complejos que tenemos que dar un paso adelante y hacer que cada uno potencialice sus capacidades individuales a través de la interacción con los otros.

Que las mejores contribuciones individuales surgen cuando cada uno sabe cómo sus propios esfuerzos se relacionan con los esfuerzos de los demás en el logro de objetivos comunes.

Que lo más importante que tiene cualquier empresa es su gente. Y esto no es verso.

Y comprobé que la opinión individual sobre cualquier problema siempre se perfecciona si uno entiende las opiniones de los demás. Especialmente si son contrarias.



138 comentarios para “Liderando en el Infierno”

  1. Avi, si bien concuerdo y considero clave, expondría como “LA CLAVE” al desarrollo de equipos de trabajo dentro de las empresas: sin equipo no hay innovación ni competitividad ni creación de valor sostenible posible.

    El desarrollo de líderes que alienten, fomenten, conduzcan y potencien el aprendizaje y la cohesión de su gente en este sentido es fundamental, no al protagonismo individual sin al grupal.

    Leía un frase, en línea con el pensamiento de Pichón Riviere, que es simple y al mismo tiempo reveladora:

    El protagonismo es un resultado de un complejo proceso “de asunción y adjudicación de roles”. El protagonismo es resultado de la producción del equipo. El equipo busca asimismo el protagonismo del equipo.

    Cuando las empresas incorporen a la propia cultura la concepción profunda y desarrollen “equipos” donde el liderazgo sea una actividad compartida, donde la responsabilidad pase de ser estrictamente individual a individual y colectiva, donde la identificación, construcción y solución de problemáticas se convierta en una forma de vida, no una actividad parcial o “de medio tiempo” podremos avanzar hacia la creación de valor sostenible, sin olvidar que esta palabra engloba no sólo componentes económicos sin también sociales y ambientales.

  2. Les paso un link que me parece muy bueno, hay cosas interesantes: http://www.onlinemarketinglatam.com/. Gracias Avi por este espacio de participación y esperemos que entre todos vayamos aportando nuestro grano de arena, que creo que es la idea, para ir construyendo algo mejor, inclusivo y posible para todos.

  3. Avi,

    Me parece muy interesante la información que planteas sobre los clusters porque la primera reacción que uno puede tener ante la idea de aliarse con la competencia es un rechazo absoluto por considerar que va en contravía de los objetivos de la empresa, cuando en realidad es una alianza estratégica que beneficia enormemente a las organizaciones.

    Sé que existe mucha información sobre el tema pero me podrías recomendar algún autor que consideres importante en el tema?

    Gracias,

    AMR

  4. Genial ! que simple y provocadora tecnica de visualizacion del grupo, o equipo al que pertencemos, e incluso al equipo como sociedad argentina! quizas un pais mejor es posible !
    Un saludo y gracias

  5. Para seguir con la metáfora del título de este artículo, al Diablo, el infierno se le fue de las manos. Sólo los ángeles podrán liderar la transición. :)

  6. Alberto, quisiera contactarme con usted a fin de invitarlo a participar de un congreso. Esta en proceso de elaboracion, pero quisieramos dialogar con usted a fin de hacerle llegar la propuesta. Agradeceria mucho su respuesta, ya que nos agradan mucho sus exponencias y quisieramos contar con su presencia!

    Saludos! Disculpe que utilice este medio, pero no tengo ningun otro medio para llegar directamente a usted!

  7. Estimado Juan, espero q me contacte en Deloitte

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  66. I’ll gear this review to 2 types of people: current Zune owners who are considering an upgrade, and people trying to decide between a Zune and an iPod. (There are other players worth considering out there, like the Sony Walkman X, but I hope this gives you enough info to make an informed decision of the Zune vs players other than the iPod line as well.)

  67. The Zune concentrates on being a Portable Media Player. Not a web browser. Not a game machine. Maybe in the future it’ll do even better in those areas, but for now it’s a fantastic way to organize and listen to your music and videos, and is without peer in that regard. The iPod’s strengths are its web browsing and apps. If those sound more compelling, perhaps it is your best choice.

  68. Hands down, Apple’s app store wins by a mile. It’s a huge selection of all sorts of apps vs a rather sad selection of a handful for Zune. Microsoft has plans, especially in the realm of games, but I’m not sure I’d want to bet on the future if this aspect is important to you. The iPod is a much better choice in that case.

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  70. The new Zune browser is surprisingly good, but not as good as the iPod’s. It works well, but isn’t as fast as Safari, and has a clunkier interface. If you occasionally plan on using the web browser that’s not an issue, but if you’re planning to browse the web alot from your PMP then the iPod’s larger screen and better browser may be important.

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  73. Apple now has Rhapsody as an app, which is a great start, but it is currently hampered by the inability to store locally on your iPod, and has a dismal 64kbps bit rate. If this changes, then it will somewhat negate this advantage for the Zune, but the 10 songs per month will still be a big plus in Zune Pass’ favor.

  74. If you’re still on the fence: grab your favorite earphones, head down to a Best Buy and ask to plug them into a Zune then an iPod and see which one sounds better to you, and which interface makes you smile more. Then you’ll know which is right for you.

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  76. The Zune concentrates on being a Portable Media Player. Not a web browser. Not a game machine. Maybe in the future it’ll do even better in those areas, but for now it’s a fantastic way to organize and listen to your music and videos, and is without peer in that regard. The iPod’s strengths are its web browsing and apps. If those sound more compelling, perhaps it is your best choice.

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  84. I’ll gear this review to 2 types of people: current Zune owners who are considering an upgrade, and people trying to decide between a Zune and an iPod. (There are other players worth considering out there, like the Sony Walkman X, but I hope this gives you enough info to make an informed decision of the Zune vs players other than the iPod line as well.)

  85. Zune and iPod: Most people compare the Zune to the Touch, but after seeing how slim and surprisingly small and light it is, I consider it to be a rather unique hybrid that combines qualities of both the Touch and the Nano. It’s very colorful and lovely OLED screen is slightly smaller than the touch screen, but the player itself feels quite a bit smaller and lighter. It weighs about 2/3 as much, and is noticeably smaller in width and height, while being just a hair thicker.

  86. Hands down, Apple’s app store wins by a mile. It’s a huge selection of all sorts of apps vs a rather sad selection of a handful for Zune. Microsoft has plans, especially in the realm of games, but I’m not sure I’d want to bet on the future if this aspect is important to you. The iPod is a much better choice in that case.

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  89. If you’re still on the fence: grab your favorite earphones, head down to a Best Buy and ask to plug them into a Zune then an iPod and see which one sounds better to you, and which interface makes you smile more. Then you’ll know which is right for you.

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  110. Hands down, Apple’s app store wins by a mile. It’s a huge selection of all sorts of apps vs a rather sad selection of a handful for Zune. Microsoft has plans, especially in the realm of games, but I’m not sure I’d want to bet on the future if this aspect is important to you. The iPod is a much better choice in that case.

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