Alberto Levy. Director de Consultoría, Innovation & Growth. Deloitte Latin America Countries Organization

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Proceso Decisional al borde del Caos

por Alberto Levy | 05 de Mayo de 2009 | General

 La efectividad de una empresa depende de si sus características compatibilizan apropiadamente con las características de su contexto. En la medida que las características del contexto cambien, la efectividad continua de la organización depende de su habilidad para detectar esos cambios y mantener el acople, cambiándose a sí misma.

Hemos visto que la empresa enfrenta un entorno “real” y “objetivo” (que nunca podrá conocer ni real ni objetivamente). Hemos visto que ese entorno es clasificado en un entorno general, más exterior e indirecto, y un entorno inmediato, más próximo y directo. Hemos dicho que todo ello es un paquete de numerosas variables que se interrelacionan entre sí, configurando un sistema altamente complejo. Y hemos visto que los gerentes, en forma individual y grupal, perciben (mejor o peor) ¨CONSTRUYEN SUBJETIVAMENTE¨ ese sistema y así “se les arma” el escenario. Cuando la empresa ha desarrollado mejor la capacidad de aprender, es posible que el escenario que percibe subjetivamente (y en base al cual actúa), se parezca cada vez más al entorno “real” y “objetivo” que “está ahí afuera”. Pero esto es cada vez menos probable y la incertidumbre es cada vez mayor.

Mitroff (Mitroff I. I, Bussiness Not As Usual: Rethinking Our Individual, Corporate and Industrial Straytegies for Global Competition, Joseey- Bass, San Francisco, 1987) ha sintetizado en forma muy explícita y comprensible lo que él llama las “señales inconfundibles de que ahí afuera está pasando algo dramáticamente diferente”. Es la diferencia básica entre las ideas organizacionales antiguas y las nuevas ideas.

Antes la idea era que las cosas no cambian sino que sólo se reciclan. Ahora es que el cambio que hoy está ocurriendo es tan importante que no puede ser enfrentado con las herramientas tradicionales.

Antes la idea era que cualquier problema puede ser descompuesto en sub-problemas o partes componentes y éstas ser resueltas individualmente hasta solucionar el problema total. Ahora se sabe que ningún problema importante puede ser resuelto independientemente de cualquier otro problema importante.

Antes la idea era “Si no está roto, no lo arregles”. Ahora se trata de un arreglo perpetuo y en movimiento en el que las rupturas deben ser detectadas antes de que se transformen en la realidad de una catástrofe.

Ya varias veces usé la frase “lo que está ahí afuera” para referirme al entorno “objetivo” y al escenario que la empresa imagina o percibe subjetivamente. La razón de haber usado esta idea tantas veces es que tenemos que discutirla. La separación conceptual tan tajante entre “el afuera” y “el adentro” impide pensar en términos del vínculo. Recordemos que lo que evoluciona - apropiadamente o no- es el vínculo entre el significado que la empresa logra para sí misma y el entorno.

Esto nos acerca a un concepto que en una primera lectura puede ser recibido como una trivialidad. Sin embargo no es tan trivial. El concepto es que si una organización realmente pretende entender el entorno, debe comenzar por entenderse a sí misma. Muchas empresas se ven a sí mismas como entidades con vida propia, que deben enfrentar el problema de sobrevivir contra las amenazas externas. Una manera más efectiva de entender a la organización es no como una entidad o como una cosa, sino como un flujo o como un proceso. Cuando la empresa se piensa como un flujo o como un proceso en constante transformación, “ahí afuera” aparecen no sólo amenazas en el cambio continuo, sino también oportunidades.

Cuando una empresa mira hacia afuera y trata de explorar cómo es y cómo está cambiando el entorno, debe darse cuenta que, en realidad, está viviendo una excelente circunstancia para comprenderse a sí misma y para evaluar su vínculo con el mundo exterior. Como en el ejemplo de la biología, las características que definen a una empresa dependen de numerosas relaciones con el entorno, que muchas veces no son tan obvias, y que deben ser cuidadas si la organización pretende seguir existiendo. Así como un organismo y su medio son parte del mismo sistema de relaciones y existen sólo por la relación mutua.

Pero la noción de vínculo es más rica que lo que parece ser cuando uno lo ve desde la perspectiva de “aprovechar las oportunidades que se están gestando afuera”. Sirve también, por ejemplo, para comprender que muchas veces la misma empresa está produciendo cambios en su entorno que se han de transformar en amenazas para ella misma.

Cuando el cambio en el entorno es brusco y discontinuo, especialmente cuando la empresa debe encarar los desafíos que nacen por los cambios tecnológicos o por cambios en el mercado, se hace necesario un estilo abierto y flexible. La experiencia demuestra que la empresa opera con mayor eficacia en entornos caóticos cuando abandona el diseño mecanicista para pasar a un diseño orgánico.
En entornos estables, la autoridad puede ser determinada según su posición jerárquica. En entornos caóticos, el esquema de autoridad debe ser más informal y cambiante, y determinado por los conocimientos y la habilidad en red de los individuos.

En entornos estables, los sistemas de comunicación pueden ser definidos según reglas y especificaciones verticales, de arriba hacia abajo. En entornos caóticos, deben ser más libres e informales. En este caso la comunicación debe ser el eje central de la forma de trabajo.

En entornos estables, el compromiso individual de cada miembro de la organización puede ser limitado a su tarea específica. La obediencia puede ser el valor más preciado. En entornos caóticos, el compromiso debe ser con la empresa como un todo inseparable. El valor más preciado debe ser la habilidad de enfrentar la incertidumbre y la ambigüedad.

Llegamos así a un punto absolutamente neurálgico de lo que quiero transmitir en este artículo, aprendido por haber pasado muchas horas trabajando en empresas de todo tipo y color. Se debe evitar que se produzcan esquemas fragmentados de pensamiento entre los distintos miembros del grupo gerencial. Yo lo exageraría aún más y diría entre todos los miembros de la organización. No sólo entre el equipo gerencial. Se debe promover que cada miembro piense en su rol específico pero también en el total en red.

Así, los objetivos inflexiblemente determinados, y las funciones pensadas sólo como relaciones verticales, generan patrones de atención y responsabilidad que terminan convirtiéndose en visión-túnel e interés fragmentado. Esto, a su vez, provoca que uno tenga un enorme conocimiento de lo que está haciendo, pero no para qué lo hace.

La información y el conocimiento deben fluir libremente en la organización para que los diferentes sectores de la empresa no operen en base a imágenes diferentes de la situación completa.

Los objetivos específicos de cada unidad de la organización deben ser explicados mostrando cómo se ligan con los de otras unidades compartiendo SENTIDO. Esta es la única forma de que se entiendan los propósitos principales y cuál es la contribución de cada unidad para el total. Además, ésta es la única forma de evitar el particionamiento de la empresa en subsistemas políticos, que sacrifiquen el logro de los propósitos principales para privilegiar los fines propios.



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